Influence of maternal cholesterol-enriched diet on chemical composition of teeth enamel in offspring of mice.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To determine the chemical composition of the tooth enamel of two-day-old mice from hypercholesterolemic mothers by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: Forty mature female mice were randomly assigned (n = 20/group) to either a standard chow vivarium diet (control group) or a cholesterol-enriched chow diet (experimental group). After fertilization, pregnancy and birth, on postnatal day 2, the incisor segments of 6 pups form each group were used for energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. RESULTS: Results: Influence of maternal hypercholesterolemic diet on tooth development and mineralization was examined, which revealed changes in enamel chemical composition. First, the results indicate the presence of seven elements (Na, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S, Fe) in the enamel of both the hypercholesterolemic and normal offspring, but the content of element Ca2+ decreased, the content of elements P5+, Na+, Cl- tended to increase in pups from hypercholesterolemic mice. Second, the initial level of mineralization according to the atomic (%) Ca / P in hypercholesterolemic pups ratio was 1.26, comparing with normal pups where level of mineralization was 1.34. Taking into account that irreversible changes in the structure of the enamel were observed when the Ca / P ratio was below 1.33, we can suggest that the eruption of teeth with an imperfect structure could be because of maternal hypercholesterolemic diet. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that hypercholesterolemic diet during gestation and lactation leads to altered enamel mineralization in mice because of changes in chemical composition and may link to the early childhood caries.

INFLUENCE OF CHOLESTEROL ENRICHED DIET ON GENES EXPRESSION ENCODING BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-2 AND OSTEOCALCIN IN MOUSE MANDIBLE.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To evaluate the mRNA expression of the key regulators of osteogenesis - osteocalcin and BMP-2 in the mouse embryos mandible (17th day of pregnancy) which were borne by females on high-cholesterol diet for 30 days before fertilization and throughout pregnancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Experimental hypercholesterolemia (2%) was simulated by adding Cholesterol to the diet for 60 days. In experiment were used 40 mature female white mice that were randomly divided to control and experimental groups. The control group were fed with standard chow diet, the experimental group with diet with cholesterol enriched diet (with addition of 2 grams of Cholesterol per 100 grams of standard chow). The mandibles of mouse embryos (E-17) were examined by using molecular genetic methods. RESULTS: Results: In control group the relative level of BMP-2 mRNA / actin mRNA was 27.0«2.82, the relative level of and osteocalcin mRNA / actin mRNA was 30.5«6,28. In the jaws of animals in the experimental group with cholesterol enriched diet, the expression relative level of BMP-2 was 30.9«5.81 that is by 14,4% higher than in control group. Therefore, the expression level of оsteocalcin, on the contrary, decreased by 22.3% and was 23.7+5.31. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Our study report influence of the cholesterol enriched diet (2%) on mRNA expression of BMP-2 and osteocalcin encoding genes. The embryos from mouse on cholesterol enriched diet (2%) had increased level of BMP-2 gene expression, however significantly decreased level of osteocalcin gene expression.

PREVALENCE OF GINGIVITIS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD).

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To evaluate and compare the prevalence of gingivitis according to the PMA index in children aged 5 to 6 years in preschool with ASD and without disorders (Kyiv, Ukraine). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Oral assessment was conduct on 69 children with ASD and 23 children without ASD aged 5 to 6 years. To determine the periodontal status it was used the papillary-marginal-alveolar index - PMA (according to Schour, Massler, in the modification of Parma). RESULTS: Results: Children with ASD (18.84%) were 3.7 times less likely to have a clinically healthy periodontium than children without disorders (69.57%). The average PMA index among the main group was 6.8 times higher (15.31 ± 1.49%) than in the control group (2.25. ± 0.73%), but this difference was not statistically confirmed (p> 0.05). The most common pathology of periodontal tissues was chronic catarrhal gingivitis. 49.28% of children in main group with ASD had mild catarrhal gingivitis, while just 30.47% of children in control group without ASD had this pathology. Catarrhal moderate gingivitis was diagnosed in 31.88% of children from main group, symptoms of moderate gingivitis were not detected in the control group without disorders. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: ASD children 5-6 years old may have major risk of developing such periodontal lesions as mild and moderate gingivitis. Further investigations need to be done to clarify prevalence of other oral pathologies in ASD individuals to understand the effect of the disorder on oral health.

THE EFFECT OF DIET ENRICHED WITH PYROPHOSPHATE (E450) ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF TOOTH GERMS OF MOUSE EMBRYOS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To reveal the effect of pyrophosphates on the tooth germ structure in the mandible of embryos (17th day of pregnancy) gestated by females, kept on a pyrophosphate-rich diet since 30 days before fertilization to gestation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The effect of food supplements was studied in «Overload phosphates model¼. Experiments were carried out on white nonlinear outbred mice with mass 25-28g (n= 40). The females from the control group were fed with standard rodent food, whereas the experimental females were fed with pyrophosphate-enriched food. The material for the morphological study were the mandible of 17-day-old mouse embryos (E-17), which were examined under a microscope with subsequent photofixation. RESULTS: Results: The examination of the mandible of 17-day-old mouse embryos, gestated by females on a pyrophosphate-rich diet, showed morphological changes in tooth germs at the dental follicle development stage. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The experimentation revealed that the pyrophosphate excessive intake during dental follicle development leads to early dentinogenesis and oppression of ectodermal structures of tooth germs.

THE EFFECT OF DIET ENRICHED WITH PYROPHOSPHATE (E450) ON EXPRESSION OF GENES ENCODING BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN AND OSTEOCALCIN IN MOUSE EMBRYONIC MANDIBLE TISSUES.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Of our study was to measure the mRNA expression of the investigated odontogenesis factors in mandible tissue of mouse embryos (17th day of pregnancy) gestated by females, kept on a E450 rich diet since 30 days before fertilization to gestation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The effect of food supplements was studied in «Overload phosphates model¼. Experiments were carried out on white nonlinear outbred mice with mass 25-28g (n=40). The females from the control group were fed with standard rodent food, whereas the experimental females were fed with pyrophosphate-enriched food. The materials, used for the molecular genetic study, were the lower jaws of 17-days old mouse embryos (E-17). RESULTS: Results: The investigated BMP2 and osteocalcin genes are expressed at approximately the same level. Pyrophosphate-rich diet does not alter BMP2 gene expression, but it significantly increases the expression of osteocalcin. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The present study is the first one to describe the impact of the pyrophosphate-rich diet on mRNA expression of key osteogenesis regulators - osteocalcin and BMP2.